Oaths hold immense power across cultures, serving to emphasize the truthfulness of our words or the seriousness of our intentions. In Islam, this concept takes on an even greater significance, reflecting our relationship with Allah (SWT) and the importance of keeping promises. Let’s delve deeper into how the Quran and Sahih Muslim guide us regarding oaths.

The Quran on Oaths (Ayat):

• Emphasis on Truthfulness (Surah Al-Ma’idah, 5:89): This verse reads, “Allah does not take you to task for what is thoughtless in your oaths, only for your binding oaths…”. Here, a distinction is made between casual utterances and deliberate oaths. The Quran emphasizes that Allah (SWT) holds us accountable for vows made with seriousness and intent.
• Consequences of Breaking an Oath (Surah Al-Ma’idah, 5:89): The verse continues, “…the atonement for breaking an oath is to feed ten poor people…” This act of charity serves as a consequence for violating a deliberate oath. It’s a reminder of the seriousness associated with breaking a vow made in Allah’s (SWT) name.
• Alternatives to Oaths (Surah Al-Kahf, 18:106): The Quran encourages seeking alternatives to oaths whenever possible. Surah Al-Kahf (18:106) states, “But why do you swear by Allah with such emphasis in this matter unless you are firmly convinced of it?”. This verse suggests that thoughtful reflection and clear communication might be preferable to oaths. It discourages using oaths for trivial matters or when doubt exists in our hearts.

Sahih Muslim on Oaths (Hadith):

• Form of Oaths (Sahih Muslim, Book 15, Hadith No. 4152): Imam Muslim narrates from Ibn ‘Umar that the Prophet (ﷺ) said, “He who has to take an oath, he must not take oath but by Allah (SWT).” This discourages swearing by other deities or objects, a practice prevalent in pre-Islamic Arabia. It emphasizes the importance of acknowledging Allah’s (SWT) singular authority when taking an oath.
• Unintentional Oaths (Sahih Muslim, Book 15, Hadith No. 4151): Sahih Muslim offers guidance regarding unintentional oaths. Abu Huraira narrated that the Prophet (ﷺ) said, “He who takes an oath in the course of which he says: By Lat (and al-‘Uzza), he should say: There is no god but Allah…” This hadith provides a way to rectify an unintentional oath to a false deity by immediately affirming the oneness of Allah (SWT).
• Changing One’s Mind (Sahih Muslim, Book 15, Hadith No. 4161): The Prophet (ﷺ) himself demonstrated flexibility regarding oaths. Abu Musa al-Ash’ari narrated a hadith describing the Prophet (ﷺ) swearing to not provide mounts to a group but later changing his mind when a better option arose. He then compensated for the oath by providing expiation (kaffarah). This example showcases that unintentional breaches or changing circumstances can be addressed through repentance and expiation.

The Importance of Oaths:

By understanding these Quranic verses and hadiths, we gain a deeper appreciation for the weight of oaths in Islam. Here’s why taking oaths thoughtfully is important:

• Strengthens Commitment (Sahih Muslim, Book 22, Hadith No. 4190): A well-considered oath can solidify our resolve and commitment to a course of action. Narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, the Prophet (ﷺ) said, “The strong believer is better and dearer to Allah than the weak believer, although there is good in both of them. Be keen to grasp that which will benefit you, seek help from Allah, and do not feel helpless.” This hadith highlights the importance of personal strength and determination. An oath, when used thoughtfully, can serve as a tool to bolster our resolve.
• Increases Credibility (Sahih Muslim, Book 23, Hadith No. 4225): When used judiciously, oaths can bolster the trustworthiness of our words and strengthen relationships. Narrated by Abu Hurairah, the Prophet (ﷺ) said, “Truthfulness leads to righteousness, and righteousness leads to Paradise. Lying leads to wickedness, and wickedness leads to Hellfire.” This hadith emphasizes the importance of truthfulness, a quality that oaths, when used honestly, can help cultivate.