Susan P. Mattern’s The Slow Moon Climbs opens with the 12th-century example of Hoelun, mother of Chinggis Khan, whose story is recounted in the The Secret History of the Mongols. Exiled and widowed, Hoelun and her seven children survived by cunning, plotting revenge and gathering support for the Mongols’ subsequent conquest of much of Asia. If the results of her influence were brutal, it was nevertheless significant that her most important contributions came after her children had been born. As Mattern observes, Hoelun’s life, and the descendants who came after, make her one of history’s ‘most biologically successful women’.

The Slow Moon Climbs is much more than a history of how menopause came to be understood as ‘hormonal chaos’. It is a sustained argument about the nature of humanity and the way our societies are structured, a far-reaching account of menopause’s significance in human evolution. Why, Mattern asks, when most animals – even our closest mammal relatives – reproduce into old age, have humans diverged from the biological imperative to bear offspring? Is it a disadvantageous by-product of natural selection – what scientists call an epiphenomenon? Or is it an adaptive trait that has somehow provided an evolutionary advantage? Menopause, Mattern argues, is the latter. Taking menopause seriously on such a vast historical scale does much more than advance our understanding of women and of a phase in women’s lives that is so often portrayed negatively. Instead, menopause becomes a crucial part of a flexible reproductive strategy – effective in both good and bad times – that allowed humans to multiply quickly, while still investing a great deal in their offspring.

The tradition of seeing menopause as a dangerous pathological condition is both a very recent development and ‘fundamentally wrong’, Mattern explains. There was no word for menopause in ancient Greek or Latin and the transition to the post-reproductive period has not always been experienced as a problem, even within classical humoral approaches to the body, which had plenty to say about menstruation. It was the striking absence of menopause in sources as late as the 18th century that led Barbara Duden, in her classic study Woman Beneath the Skin (1991), to declare that menopause had not yet been ‘invented’, either as a word, or as a physiological concept.

Indeed, the social and cultural history of what we understand today as menopause is present only implicitly in much of The Slow Moon Climbs. In pre-industrial England, individual women become visible as widows. While many of them were poor, they were, Mattern suggests, ‘the most liberated class of women’. Through the correspondence of Samuel Tissot, we meet Madame Viard d’Arnay, who complained of irregular periods, convinced she was suffering from too much blood. In 19th-century England, Edward Tilt, author of the first full-length treatise on menopause in English, made notes on hundreds of women, including Mary S. who, awaking delirious one night ran down the street, taking three men to hold her.

Yet Mattern pulls back from the idea that menopause is solely a modern medical invention, arguing instead that it emerged during the late Renaissance as a critical, difficult time of life. Modern Western biomedicine ‘picked up the signal and amplified it’. A key moment comes in the early 20th century with the discovery of hormones and the isolation of oestrogen in 1929, a development that shifted menopause from the nervous to the endocrine system. The focus on oestrogen gave rise to the powerful idea that a substance that had been lost could therefore be replaced; having spent the past decade researching the history of migraine, the narrative that follows is a familiar one to me. Menopause became associated with white, suburban women with the time and money for doctors. It also became ripe for psychoanalytic models of grief and depression. Although hormone and oestrogen replacement therapies became extremely popular, by the 21st century concerns about chronic health problems undermined their reputation as wonder drugs.

Katherine Foxhall is the author of Migraine:A History (Johns Hopkins, 2019).