Surah Al-Isra’, the 17th chapter of the Holy Quran, holds a revered position within Islam. Its name, translating to “The Night Journey,” references a cornerstone event in Islamic history – the miraculous transportation of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from the مقدس (Al-Masjid al-Haram), the Grand Mosque in Mecca, to the الأقصى (Al-Masjid al-Aqsa), the Farthest Mosque, often understood to be Jerusalem (Quran 17:1). However, Surah Al-Isra’ transcends this awe-inspiring narrative, offering a profound exploration of faith, morality, and social conduct. Let’s embark on a detailed journey through this magnificent surah.

Structure and Significance:

Comprised of 111 verses, Surah Al-Isra’ is classified as a Meccan surah, revealed during the early years of Prophet Muhammad’s mission, a period marked by intense opposition from the Quraysh tribe. Thematically, the surah serves as a source of comfort and strength for the nascent Muslim community. It emphasizes core Islamic beliefs and ethical principles while reminding them of Allah’s (God’s) power and the ultimate triumph of truth [Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Introduction to Surah Al-Isra’].

The Miraculous Journey and its Interpretations (Verses 1-10):

The surah opens with a majestic verse that sets the stage for the extraordinary event:

Glorified (and Exalted) be He (Allah) [above all that (evil) they associate with Him] [Tafsir Qurtubi, Vol. 10, Page 204] Who took His slave (Muhammad SAW) for a journey by night from Al-Masjid-al-Haram (at Makkah) to the farthest mosque (in Jerusalem), the neighborhood whereof We have blessed, in order that We might show him (Muhammad SAW) of Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, lessons, signs, etc.). Verily, He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer. (Quran 17:1)

This verse describes the Isra, the Prophet’s miraculous night journey, followed by the Mi’raj, his Ascension to the heavens. The exact location of the “Farthest Mosque” is not explicitly mentioned, but Islamic traditions overwhelmingly identify it with Jerusalem and its holy site, the Temple Mount.

While the literal interpretation of the journey is widely accepted, some scholars posit a metaphorical interpretation, emphasizing the spiritual significance of the event as a means of strengthening the Prophet’s resolve and preparing him for future challenges [Tafsir al-Jalalayn, Verse 17:1].

This interpretation highlights the importance of spiritual growth and divine connection.

Beyond the Journey: A Tapestry of Themes (Verses 11-80):

Following the awe-inspiring narrative of the Night Journey, Surah Al-Isra’ unfolds like a tapestry woven with diverse themes that resonate deeply with Muslims:

• Destruction of Previous Civilizations: The surah recounts the stories of the Children of Israel and other past communities who transgressed Allah’s commandments and faced destruction as a consequence (Quran 17:4-8). These narratives serve as a stark reminder of the importance of adhering to divine guidance.

And We decreed for the Children of Israel in the Scripture, that indeed you would do mischief on the earth twice and you will become tyrants and extremely arrogant! (Quran 17:4)

So, when the promise came for the first of the two, We sent against you slaves of Ours given to terrible warfare. They entered the very innermost parts of your homes. And it was a promise (completely) fulfilled. (Quran 17:5)

Then We gave you once again, a return of victory over them. And We helped you with wealth and children and made you more numerous in man power. (Quran 17:6)

(And We said): “If you do good, you do good for your ownselves, and if you do evil (you do it) against yourselves.” Then, when the second promise came to pass, (We permitted your enemies) to make your faces sorrowful and to enter the mosque (of Jerusalem) as they had entered it before, and to destroy with utter destruction all that fell in their hands. (Quran 17:7)

[And We said in the Taurat (Torah)]: “It may be that your Lord may show mercy unto you, but if you return (to sins), We shall return (to Our Punishment). And We have made Hell a prison for the disbelievers. (Quran 17:8)

• The Day of Judgement and Accountability: Verses emphasize the inevitability of the Day of Judgement, highlighting Allah’s absolute power and justice. The surah describes the meticulous recording of deeds and the ultimate accountability that awaits all beings (Quran 17:13-15).

And We have fastened every man’s deeds to his neck, and on the Day of Resurrection, We shall bring out for him a book which he will find wide open. (Quran 17:13)

(It will be said to him): “Read your book. You yourself are sufficient as a reckoner against you this Day.” (Quran 17:14)

Whoever goes right, then he goes right only for the benefit of his ownself. And whoever goes astray, then he goes astray to his own loss. No one laden with burdens can bear another’s burden. And We never punish until We have sent a Messenger (to give warning). (Quran 17:15)

• Signs of Allah’s Mercy: Woven throughout the surah are verses highlighting the numerous blessings bestowed upon humanity by Allah. These include creation, sustenance, the faculty of reason, and the intricate balance of the natural world (Quran 17:30-31). By reflecting on these signs, believers are encouraged to cultivate gratitude and strengthen their faith.

Truly, your Lord enlarges the provision for whom He wills and straitens (for whom He wills). Verily, He is Ever All-Knower, All-Seer of His slaves. (Quran 17:30)

And kill not your children for fear of poverty. We provide for them and for you. Surely, the killing of them is a great sin. (Quran 17:31)

• Oneness of God: Surah Al-Isra’ vehemently rejects idolatry (shirk), the act of associating partners with Allah, a core principle of Islamic monotheism. The surah warns against attributing offspring or equals to Allah, emphasizing His absolute oneness and power (Quran 17:39).

This is (part) of Al-Hikmah (wisdom, good manners and high character, etc.) which your Lord has inspired to you (O Muhammad SAW ). And set not up with Allah any other ilah (god) lest you should be thrown into Hell, blameworthy and rejected, (from Allah’s Mercy). (Quran 17:39)

• Moral Foundations: The importance of good character, respecting parents, avoiding arrogance, and upholding justice are interwoven throughout the surah (Quran 17:23-39). Verses provide specific instructions on filial piety, maintaining good relations with kin, and avoiding extravagance or miserliness in one’s spending.

And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him. And that you be dutiful to your parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age in your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address them in terms of honour. (Quran 17:23)

Truly, your Lord enlarges the provision for whom He wills and straitens (for whom He wills). Verily, He is Ever All-Knower, All-Seer of His slaves. (Quran 17:30)

And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fahishah [i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)], and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allah forgives him). (Quran 17:32)

And come not near to the orphan’s property except to improve it, until he attains the age of full strength. And fulfil (every) covenant. Verily! the covenant, will be questioned about. (Quran 17:34)

This is (part) of Al-Hikmah (wisdom, good manners and high character, etc.) which your Lord has inspired to you (O Muhammad SAW ). And set not up with Allah any other ilah (god) lest you should be thrown into Hell, blameworthy and rejected, (from Allah’s Mercy). (Quran 17:39)

Exhortations and Encouragements for a Virtuous Life (Verses 81-111):

The latter portion of the surah focuses on practical guidance for leading a moral and fulfilling life. Key themes include:

• Filial Piety: Muslims are enjoined to treat their parents with kindness and compassion, even in their old age. The surah prohibits harsh words or disrespectful behavior towards parents, emphasizing their sacrifices and the importance of showing gratitude (Quran 17:23-24).
• Social Responsibility: Surah Al-Isra’ emphasizes the importance of social responsibility and ethical conduct within the Muslim community and beyond.
• Maintaining Good Relations with Kin (Qurbā): The surah underscores the importance of maintaining strong and positive relationships with relatives (Quran 17:26). This includes offering support, fostering kindness, and upholding ties of kinship even when faced with difficulties.

And give to the kindred his due and to the Miskin (poor) and to the wayfarer. But spend not wastefully (your wealth) in the manner of a spendthrift. (Quran 17:26)

• Helping Those in Need (Zakāh and Sadaqah): While the word “Zakāh” (obligatory charity) isn’t explicitly mentioned, the concept of helping those in need is woven into the verses. Muslims are encouraged to give charity (Sadaqah) voluntarily to assist the poor, the needy, and those facing hardship (Quran 17:29).

And if you (O Muhammad SAW) turn away from them (kindred, poor, wayfarer, etc. whom We have ordered you to give their rights, but if you have no money at the time they ask you for it) and you are awaiting a mercy from your Lord for which you hope, then, speak unto them a soft kind word (i.e. Allah will give me and I shall give you). (Quran 17:29)

• Justice and Fairness (Adl): The surah emphasizes the importance of upholding justice (Adl) in all dealings, whether social, economic, or legal (Quran 17:35). This principle extends to all people, regardless of their background or social status.

And give full measure when you measure, and weigh with a balance that is straight. That is good (advantageous) and better in the end. (Quran 17:35)

• Avoiding Extravagance and Miserliness: The surah discourages both extravagance (Israf) and miserliness (Taqtir). Muslims are encouraged to manage their wealth responsibly, spending moderately while also being generous towards those in need (Quran 17:29). This fosters a spirit of balance and prevents both wasteful spending and neglecting one’s obligations.
• Speaking with Kindness (Qawl Layyin): The importance of using kind and respectful language is emphasized throughout the surah (Quran 17:28). This applies to interactions with family, friends, and even strangers. Muslims are encouraged to avoid harsh words, gossip, and backbiting, fostering a more positive and peaceful social environment.

And if you (O Muhammad SAW) turn away from them (kindred, poor, wayfarer, etc. whom We have ordered you to give their rights, but if you have no money at the time they ask you for it) and you are awaiting a mercy from your Lord for which you hope, then, speak unto them a soft kind word (i.e. Allah will give me and I shall give you). (Quran 17:28)

Beyond the Verses: Social Responsibility in Islamic Tradition

Surah Al-Isra’ lays the groundwork for social responsibility within Islam. This concept is further elaborated upon in other parts of the Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Here are some additional aspects:

• Fulfilling Obligations to Society (Huquq al-‘Ibad): Islamic teachings emphasize fulfilling one’s rights and obligations towards others in society (Huquq al-‘Ibad). This encompasses a wide range of duties, including honoring agreements, keeping promises, being honest in business dealings, and protecting the rights of others.
• Serving the Community (Al-Khidmah al-Ijtima’iyyah): The concept of serving the community and helping those in need is deeply ingrained in Islamic tradition. Muslims are encouraged to volunteer their time, skills, and resources to benefit society. This can involve activities like helping the elderly, working in soup kitchens, or advocating for social justice causes.
• Promoting Peace and Harmony: The Quran promotes peace and harmony within society (Quran 17:70). Muslims are encouraged to build bridges with people of different backgrounds, foster understanding, and work towards resolving conflicts peacefully.

And indeed We have honoured the Children of Adam, and We have carried them on land and sea, and have provided them with At-Taiyibat (lawful good things), and have preferred them above many of those whom We have created with a marked preference. (Quran 17:70)

Conclusion:

Surah Al-Isra’ serves as a powerful guide for leading a moral and socially responsible life. By internalizing its teachings and integrating them into their daily actions, Muslims contribute to building a more just, compassionate, and harmonious society.